Teaching “Knowledge”: The Cognitive Domain of Learning and Learning Objectives

[This is the the fifth in a series of posts about learning objectives. We’ve now compiled all the posts into a single downloadable guide to writing learning objectives if you want to check that out.]

As we mentioned in the last post, there are three different kinds of learning: learning about things you can “know,” learning about things you can “do,” and learning about things you “feel.” These are called the Cognitive domain, the Psychomotor domain, and the Affective domain. Because we try to avoid $25 words here at the Convergence Training blog, we will also refer to them as Knowledge, Skills, and Attitudes. But we didn’t make that up–it’s a somewhat common way to think of this, and trainers often call these “KSAs” for short.

In this post, we’re going to consider the “knowledge” domain more closely. We’ll find that there are actually six different levels of knowledge, from simplest to most complex, and we will give a list of behaviors that learners must perform to show they’ve mastered each type of knowledge. This will help you pick the verb you’ll use when writing learning objectives dealing with knowledge. We’ll look at the Skills and Attitudes domains in following posts.

Knowledge According to Bloom

Bloom and his followers divided the “Knowledge” domain into different levels, ranging from the most simple–recognizing or recalling information–to the most complex–using previously known information to create entirely new meaning. In all there are six different levels of knowledge in what is known as “Bloom’s Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain.”

(Potentially interesting side-note here: Bloom originally named six levels in 1956, and then followers of Bloom revised those in 2000. We will discuss the revised, 2000 version below, but feel free to read a comparison of the two different versions of Bloom’s cognitive domain if you’re interested).

Six Levels of Knowledge

So, enough with the build-up, right? Just what are these six levels of Bloom’s Cognitive domain? Well, since you asked nicely, they are, in order from simplest to most complex:

1. Remembering: Learner recognizes, recalls, or remembers information.
2. Understanding: Learner explains or describes information.
3. Applying: Learner uses information in a new way.
4. Analyzing: Learner makes distinctions between different parts of a system, or explains relationships, or compares and contrasts.
5. Evaluating: Learner compares something to a standard to determine which is worse, equal, better, or best.
6. Creating: Learner uses learned knowledge to create entirely new idea or system.

The levels of the “Knowledge” domain are often represented as different levels of a pyramid, with “Remembering,” the simplest level, making up the bottom of the pyramid and “Creating,” the most complex level, making up the top.

Creating Stronger “Knowledge” Learning Objectives

Now, let’s apply what we just discussed above to the best way to write a learning objective. You probably remember that when you write a learning objective, one part of the objective describes a behavior the learner must perform, and this behavior is expressed as a verb within the objective. So, we can make it easier to write a learning objective by coming up with a collection of verbs that describe behaviors in each of the levels of Bloom’s cognitive taxonomy above. Check out the list below to get some ideas.

1. Remembering: Arrange, choose, define, identify, label, list, locate, match, name, recite, select, state.
2. Understanding: Classify, demonstrate, explain, give examples, illustrate, interpret, match, paraphrase, restate, rewrite, summarize.
3. Applying: Apply, choose, compute, construct, demonstrate, explain, predict, prepare, produce, show, solve, use.
4. Analyzing: Categorize, classify, compare, differentiate, distinguish, subdivide.
5. Evaluating: Compare, contrast, criticize, defend, devise, evaluate, judge, generate, modify, reorganize, rearrange.
6. Creating: Appraise, categorize, combine, compile, compose, construct, create, design, develop, hypothesize, produce.

Keep these different levels of the “knowledge” in mind, and the verbs to use when writing learning objectives for each level, and you’ll not only create better learning objectives, you’ll create better training materials too.

Other Posts about Learning Objectives

If you’re really interested in learning about learning objectives, try these articles too:

• Benjamin Bloom’s Taxonomy of Learning Objectives
• Affective Learning Objectives
• Psychomotor Learning Objectives
• SMART Learning Objectives
• ABCD Learning Objectives
• Robert Mager’s Performance-Based Learning Objectives

And don’t forget to download the free guide below as well.

How to Write Learning Objectives

All the basics about writing learning objectives for training materials.

Download Free Guide